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Unit 4 Notes

Apr 18, 202411 min read

Overview

  • Federalists vs Democratic Republicans
    • Barbary Wars
      • Paid tribute to protect American ships in North Africa
      • Jefferson was morally opposed and ceased
      • Pirate attacks on US ships
      • US navy was sent but resulted in a reduced tribute
    • Democratic Republicans - Strict Constructionists
      • Federal government can only do what was explicitly written in the Constitution
    • Federalists - Loose Constructionists
      • A lot more flexibility in the Constitution
    • 1803 Louisiana Purchase
      • Haitian revolt created an opportunity to gain navigation rights in the Mississippi River for 2 million
      • James Monroe was sent to secure from Napoleon
      • France let Monroe have all French territory for 15 million
      • Worried Jefferson since he was a strict constructionists
      • Justified with American Indians getting removed and decreasing European influence
      • Offered agrarian dream rather than industry
    • 1804 Corps of Discovery (Lewis and Clark)
      • Funded by Congress to scout the Louisiana Purchase
      • Southern part was explored by Zebulon Pike in 1806
      • Furthered diplomatic relations with American Indians
    • John Marshall
      • Marbury v. Madison
        • Before Jefferson was elected, the Federalists passed the Judiciary Act to add 16 new spots for Federal Judges
        • William Marbury was added, ensuring Federalist influence
        • James Madison refused to deliver several appointments
        • John Marshall decided Marbury deserved his commission (see later)
        • Supreme Court proclaimed as the final interpreter of the Constitution
        • Judicial Review
          • Judiciary Act was unconstitutional
          • Marbury had his commission revoked
        • Increased power to Supreme Court
        • McCulloch v. Maryland
          • Supreme Court decided federal law trumps state law
  • War of 1812
    • Causes
      • France and Britain were fighting
      • America wanted neutrality but France and Britain seized trade
      • Americans moving Westward believed British supporting American Indian resistance
      • Impressment
        • British ships were capturing Americans to serve in the British navy
    • Democratic Republicans was for it while the Federalists were against it
      • Hartford Convention
        • Federalists wanted to end the war of 1812
        • New England should secede
        • Effectively eliminated the Federalist party
    • America won the war
    • Effects
      • Nationalism in America
      • Demise of the Federalist party
      • Era of Good Feelings
        • Unity under Democratic Republicans
        • Continued debates
        • Showed weaknesses by expiring national bank
          • No source of credit
        • No means of transportation
      • American System
        • Federally funded internal improvements (Vetoed)
        • Implementation of protective tariffs
        • Re-establish Bank of the United States
      • Westward Expansion
        • Slaves in the West
        • Tallmadge Amendment
          • Amendment to stop slavery in Missouri
          • Disrupted balance between slave states and free states
          • Union was breaking apart
        • Missouri Compromise
          • Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state
          • 36 30 line separated slave territory and free territory
  • World Affairs
  • Local Affairs
    • Market Revolution
      • The linking of northern industries with western and southern farms which was created by advances in agriculture, industry, communication, and transportation.
      • Cotton Gin
        • Revolutionized agriculture
      • Spinning Machine
        • Cotton into yarn
      • Interchangeable Parts
      • Steamboats
        • Trade can go both up and down river
      • Erie Canal
      • Railroads
        • Local and state governments offered loans and tax breaks
      • Industry became more interconnected and boosted Western agriculture
    • Industry exploded with population (Old Immigrants)
      • 2 million immigrants came from mostly German and Ireland
      • Expanding pool of cheap labor
    • Western settlements and cheap urban housing
    • Immigrants expanded religion and cultural diffusion
    • Middle Class
      • Disposable income on leisure activities
    • Impacts of Women
      • Cult of Domesticity
        • Women’s identity revolved around child-bearing and caring for the husband
        • Husband was supposed to be outside the home working
        • Didn’t impact the lower class
  • Expansion of Democracy
    • Only property owning white males could vote at the time (Elites)
    • Working men and small farmers wanted to vote
    • Panic of 1819
      • Caused by irresponsible banking practices and decreased demand for exports
      • Caused working men demand the franchise (Vote)
    • Western states loosened property requirements
      • Realignment in political parties
    • National Republicans
    • Democrats
      • Restrictive view of federal power
      • Strict constructionists
      • Andrew Jackson
    • Jackson won the popular vote but no one won the majority
    • John Quincy Adams became president
    • Corrupt Bargain
      • The election was corrupt
    • Andrew Jackson became president
    • Democrats led by Andrew Jackson
    • Whig Party
  • Jackson Administration
  • Desire for distinct identity
  • Abolition
    • The Liberator
    • Manufactures feared abolition because it threatened the cotton and sugar trade
    • Workers thought their jobs were in danger
    • Women wanted to vote
    • Expansion of plantation
    • Wealthy plantation aristocracy
      • Slaves continued their community through songs
      • Owners wanted to control slaves because the fear of slave revolts
    • Nat Turner’s Rebellion
      • Slave revolt in Virginia
      • Killed over 50 white people
      • Increased fear in Southerners
      • Harsher restrictions on slaves
    • Yeoman Farmers
      • Didn’t own slaves and were independent land owners
      • Believed in slavery
    • Move towards West for new farming land

Key Concept 1

The US began to develop a modern democracy and new culture while Americans sought to change their society.

American democracy shifted to encompass workers and farmers in elections. A distinct American identity rose to popularity, causing a societal shift towards beauty and human perfection. Movements rose to prominence with the onset of the Second Great Awakening, causing ideas like abolition and temperance to take root in American society.

  • Western states loosened voting requirements to further encompass workers and farmers.
  • The American Dictionary standardized spelling and pronunciation of American English.
  • American transcendentalism rose in popularity and valued human passion and mystery. The power and beauty of nature influenced American society and education. Ideas of perfection grew with people supporting societal reforms and utopian communities.
  • The Second Great Awakening increased religious fervor among Americans and paved the way for ideas like abolition, temperance, and Mormonism to take root in American society.
  • The Liberator created the American Anti-Slavery Society to support abolition.

Key Concept 2

Innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce accelerated the American economy changing US regional identities.

The Market Revolution linked Western and Southern industries. Trade and production increased with the invention of several new technologies that allowed for mass production and agriculture. As a result, the North was heavily involved in factories and industry while the South was heavily involved in agriculture. In addition, industry caused an influx of immigrants and women into the workforce, prompting widespread religion and cultural diffusion.

  • The Cotton Gin and Spinning Machine created heavy demand for cotton, prompting the South to expand plantations and agriculture.
  • Interchangeable Parts allowed for mass production of parts in the North.
  • Efficient transportation from Railroads and Steamboats connected the nation, boosting Western Agriculture.
  • The expanding economy financially benefited the Middle Class, allowing for a major part of the population to afford leisure activities.
  • Women and immigrants moved towards the workforce, expanding religion and culture throughout the nation.

Key Concept 3

The US interest in foreign trade and expanding national borders shaped nations foreign policy.

The US settled several land disputes and expanded the country further West. The expanding country created ideas of American expansionism and isolation. As a result, the US expanded its sphere of influence across the Western hemisphere to protect national interests in several regions. In addition to territory, the US heavily valued foreign trade, supporting its identity of neutrality to ensure continued exports and imports.

  • The US responded to the Barbary pirates with the US navy. However, complete victory was not achieved and only reduced the tribute to the pirates.
  • The 1803 Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the country and secured the Mississippi River. The subsequent Corps of Discovery explored the new land and furthered diplomatic relations with American Indians.
  • The British Impressment policy violated American neutrality and France and Britain were seizing American trade. The War of 1812 began to ensure American neutrality and trade to Europe.
  • John Quincy Adams was sent to London to settle US-Canada borders.
  • Spain sold Florida and established the Southern border.
  • The Monroe Doctrine expanded the US sphere of influence throughout the Western hemisphere to protect national interests.

Terms and Concepts

Political and Government Actions

  • John Marshall
    • Reformed the Judicial System by supporting the Supreme Court as the final interpreter of the Constitution.
  • Louisiana Purchase (1803)
    • James Monroe secured the entirety of the Louisiana territory from Napoleon for $15 million.
    • Jefferson’s concerns as a strict constructionist due to the expansive nature of the purchase.
  • Embargo Act
    • Enacted in 1807 by Thomas Jefferson to restrict American trade with foreign nations.
  • Missouri Compromise (1820)
    • Labeled Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state.
    • Established the 36°30’ line separating slave territory from free territory.
  • Nullification Crisis
    • South Carolina nullified several federal laws and threatened secession.
    • Resolved by a compromise reducing taxes.
  • Andrew Jackson
    • Created the Tariff of 1828.
    • Vetoed the recharter of the National Bank.
    • Implemented the Indian Removal Act to relocate Native Americans westward.
  • Tariff of 1828
    • Raised import duties to protect manufacturers and farmers.
    • Hated by the South and led to the Nullification Crisis.
  • Midnight Judges
    • Newly created circuit judges appointed by President Adams after a reorganization of the judicial system.
  • Alien and Sedition Acts
    • Federalist laws permitting the deportation and arrest of aliens during wartime.
  • Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
    • Supreme Court ruling affirming Cherokee sovereignty over their land.

Social and Cultural Movements

  • Henry Clay’s American System
    • Advocated for federally funded internal improvements, protective tariffs, and a national bank.
  • Second Great Awakening
    • Widespread religious revival leading to social reform movements like temperance and abolition.
  • Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
    • Advocated for women’s social, civil, and religious rights.
    • Issued the Declaration of Sentiments calling for women’s rights and education.
  • Temperance Movement
    • Advocated for the reduction or prohibition of alcohol consumption.

Innovations and Industrial Developments

  • John Deere
    • Invented the steel plow in 1837, revolutionizing agriculture.
  • Cyrus McCormick
    • Invented the mechanical reaper, improving efficiency in grain harvesting.

Political Parties and Ideological Movements

  • Whig Party
    • Conservative political party alongside the Democratic Party.
  • Hartford Convention
    • Federalists meeting advocating to end the War of 1812 and supporting New England secession.
  • Era of Good Feelings
    • Period of political harmony and national unity in the United States following the War of 1812.
  • XYZ Affair
    • Diplomatic incident between the United States and France during John Adams’ presidency.
  • Spoils System
    • Practice of appointing supporters to government positions after winning an election.

Economic Events

  • Panic of 1837
    • Financial crisis in the United States leading to a major depression.
    • Attributed to a real estate bubble and erratic banking policies.

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